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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Goodwin-Modell</span></h1>
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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content mw-content-ltr" lang="de" dir="ltr"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="de" dir="ltr"><p>Das <b>Goodwin-Modell</b> ist ein Modell zur Erklärung des <a href="Konjunkturzyklus" class="mw-redirect" title="Konjunkturzyklus">Konjunkturzyklus</a>, das <a href="Richard_M._Goodwin" title="Richard M. Goodwin">Richard M. Goodwin</a> entwickelt hat. Es nutzt die Mathematik der <a href="Lotka-Volterra-Gleichungen" title="Lotka-Volterra-Gleichungen">Lotka-Volterra-Gleichungen</a>. Es wird das konjunkturelle Wechselspiel zwischen <a href="Besch%C3%A4ftigungsquote" title="Beschäftigungsquote">Beschäftigungsquote</a> und <a href="Lohnquote" title="Lohnquote">Lohnquote</a> modelliert. Bei hoher Beschäftigungsquote (mit v bezeichnet) ist die Verhandlungsmacht der Arbeiter hoch. Der Lohndruck und damit die Lohnquote (u) steigt. Die Profitquote (1-u) sinkt demnach. Wegen geringer Profite entlassen die Unternehmen. Die Beschäftigungsquote sinkt dann. Bei niedriger Beschäftigungsquote ist die Verhandlungsmacht der Arbeiter gering, es sinkt die Lohnquote, die Profitquote steigt. Für die Unternehmen steigt der Anreiz mehr einzustellen, die Beschäftigungsquote steigt wieder. Mathematisch entspricht die Lohnquote den „Räubern“, die Beschäftigungsquote den „Beutetieren“ in den auf den Lotka-Volterra-Gleichungen beruhenden <a href="R%C3%A4uber-Beute-Beziehung" title="Räuber-Beute-Beziehung">Räuber-Beute-Beziehungen</a>.
</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mathematische_Darstellung">Mathematische Darstellung</h2></div>
<p>Der <a href="Produkt_(Wirtschaft)" title="Produkt (Wirtschaft)">Output</a>, die gesamtwirtschaftliche Produktion, ist gegeben durch
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle q=\min \left(a\ell ,{\frac {k}{\sigma }}\right)}">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle q=\min \left(a\ell ,{\frac {k}{\sigma }}\right)}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/cb475106f7d0ed27726627886d75cdb36dbcd4ec.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:17.251ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle q=\min \left(a\ell ,{\frac {k}{\sigma }}\right)}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>dabei ist <i>q</i> der gesamtwirtschaftliche Output, <i>ℓ</i> ist die <a href="Besch%C3%A4ftigung" title="Beschäftigung">Beschäftigung</a>, <i>k</i> ist der Bestand an <a href="Kapital" title="Kapital">Kapital</a> und a ist die <a href="Arbeitsproduktivit%C3%A4t" title="Arbeitsproduktivität">Arbeitsproduktivität</a>. Alle Variablen ändern sich mit der Zeit, die Zeitindizes sind nicht aufgeführt. σ ist der konstant angenommene <a href="Kapitalkoeffizient" class="mw-redirect" title="Kapitalkoeffizient">Kapitalkoeffizient</a>.
</p><p>Die <a href="Kapazit%C3%A4t_(Wirtschaft)" title="Kapazität (Wirtschaft)">Kapazitätsauslastung</a> sei 100&nbsp;%, also Vollauslastung der vorhandenen Kapazitäten:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a\ell ={\frac {k}{\sigma }}=q}">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a\ell ={\frac {k}{\sigma }}=q}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ff4b464b489585e4e2d97d89cbccd53bf506e616.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:11.632ex; height:5.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a\ell ={\frac {k}{\sigma }}=q}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Die <a href="Besch%C3%A4ftigungsquote" title="Beschäftigungsquote">Beschäftigungsquote</a> ist
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle v={\frac {\ell }{n}}}">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle v={\frac {\ell }{n}}}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/da574b05d988dc06141ff4568096eeeda9d9d56d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:6.457ex; height:5.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle v={\frac {\ell }{n}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>dabei ist <i>n</i> das <a href="Arbeitsangebot" class="mw-redirect" title="Arbeitsangebot">Arbeitskräfteangebot</a>, das mit der Rate <i>β</i> wächst. Außerdem wächst die Arbeitsproduktivität <i>a</i> mit der Rate <i>α</i> (<a href="Technischer_Fortschritt" title="Technischer Fortschritt">technischer Fortschritt</a>). Die Beschäftigung wächst damit mit
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {dv/dt}{v}}=g_{v}=g_{\ell }-\beta .}">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {dv/dt}{v}}=g_{v}=g_{\ell }-\beta .}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2041af10954a475a47189550ac71c998d9eb866f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:21.579ex; height:5.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {dv/dt}{v}}=g_{v}=g_{\ell }-\beta .}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Das Arbeitsangebot steigt mit
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {d\ell /dt}{\ell }}=g_{\ell }=g_{q}-\alpha }">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {d\ell /dt}{\ell }}=g_{\ell }=g_{q}-\alpha }</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/48ee1ab8103306502d10d3f4e1aabd6fa8896cb5.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:20.889ex; height:5.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {d\ell /dt}{\ell }}=g_{\ell }=g_{q}-\alpha }" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Die <a href="Arbeitslohn" class="mw-redirect" title="Arbeitslohn">Löhne</a> bestimmen sich aus der <a href="Phillips-Kurve" title="Phillips-Kurve">Phillips-Kurve</a>:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {dw/dt}{w}}=g_{w}=\rho v-\gamma .}">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {dw/dt}{w}}=g_{w}=\rho v-\gamma .}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7124a7986f6248c1f343a16dd4510834e5aa373d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:22.728ex; height:5.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {dw/dt}{w}}=g_{w}=\rho v-\gamma .}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Die <a href="Lohnquote" title="Lohnquote">Lohnquote</a> <i>u</i> ist definiert als
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle u={\frac {w\ell }{q}}={\frac {w}{a}}.}">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle u={\frac {w\ell }{q}}={\frac {w}{a}}.}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/5af2b80ebcb99d9520134d7faeeb0a9ccd16a4b4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:14.144ex; height:5.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle u={\frac {w\ell }{q}}={\frac {w}{a}}.}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Die <a href="Wachstum_(Mathematik)" title="Wachstum (Mathematik)">Wachstumsrate</a> der Lohnquote beträgt also
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {du/dt}{u}}=g_{u}=g_{w}-\alpha }">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {du/dt}{u}}=g_{u}=g_{w}-\alpha }</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/842794b80493ea3de777d9a56d3a4a4f50c43793.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:21.924ex; height:5.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {du/dt}{u}}=g_{u}=g_{w}-\alpha }" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Es wird angenommen, dass die Arbeiter ihre Löhne für <a href="Konsum" title="Konsum">Konsum</a> ausgeben, während die Kapitaleigentümer einen Teil ihrer <a href="Profit" title="Profit">Profite</a> <a href="Ersparnis" class="mw-redirect" title="Ersparnis">sparen</a> und dass Kapital mit der Rate delta an Wert verliert (<a href="Abschreibung" title="Abschreibung">Abschreibungen</a>). Die Wachstumsrate von Output und Kapital ist demnach (wegen angenommener Vollauslastung des Kapitals gleich)
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {dk/dt}{k}}=g_{k}=g_{q}=s(1-u)(q/k)-\delta .}">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {dk/dt}{k}}=g_{k}=g_{q}=s(1-u)(q/k)-\delta .}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/415ec779cc879bd0d16cb7018e72542319cfadc6.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:38.093ex; height:5.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {dk/dt}{k}}=g_{k}=g_{q}=s(1-u)(q/k)-\delta .}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Also
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {dv/dt}{v}}=g_{v}={\frac {s(1-u)}{\sigma }}-(\delta +\alpha +\beta ).}">
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<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>δ<!-- δ --></mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>β<!-- β --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>.</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {dv/dt}{v}}=g_{v}={\frac {s(1-u)}{\sigma }}-(\delta +\alpha +\beta ).}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c71d9f3601854f104790be889015b4cc7ee9ed58.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:38.647ex; height:5.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {dv/dt}{v}}=g_{v}={\frac {s(1-u)}{\sigma }}-(\delta +\alpha +\beta ).}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lösung_der_Gleichungen"><span id="L.C3.B6sung_der_Gleichungen"></span>Lösung der Gleichungen</h2></div>
<p>Es ergeben sich zwei <a href="Differentialgleichung" title="Differentialgleichung">Differentialgleichungen</a> für die Wachstumsraten von Lohnquote u und Beschäftigungsquote v:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {dv/dt}{v}}=g_{v}={\frac {s(1-u)}{\sigma }}-(\delta +\alpha +\beta )}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mi>d</mi>
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<mo>/</mo>
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<mi>d</mi>
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<mi>g</mi>
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<mi>v</mi>
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<mi>u</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
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<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
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<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>δ<!-- δ --></mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>β<!-- β --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {dv/dt}{v}}=g_{v}={\frac {s(1-u)}{\sigma }}-(\delta +\alpha +\beta )}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/99fa3856f92f5daf3d624a1a85b21a5fd0b5acfd.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:38ex; height:5.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {dv/dt}{v}}=g_{v}={\frac {s(1-u)}{\sigma }}-(\delta +\alpha +\beta )}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {du/dt}{u}}=g_{u}=\rho v-\gamma -\alpha }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mi>d</mi>
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<mo>/</mo>
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<mi>d</mi>
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<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>g</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>u</mi>
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<mo>=</mo>
<mi>ρ<!-- ρ --></mi>
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<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
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</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {du/dt}{u}}=g_{u}=\rho v-\gamma -\alpha }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9af57a76e46a72f2f16897aa961cdbf00f95ea10.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:25.838ex; height:5.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {du/dt}{u}}=g_{u}=\rho v-\gamma -\alpha }" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Sie entsprechen den <a href="Lotka-Volterra-Gleichungen" title="Lotka-Volterra-Gleichungen">Lotka-Volterra-Gleichungen</a>. Die konstanten Größen der Gleichungen lassen sich zu neuen Konstanten a,b,c und d, jeweils größer null, zusammenfassen:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {dv/dt}{v}}=-{a}{u}+b}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mo>=</mo>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {dv/dt}{v}}=-{a}{u}+b}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d3dcd6f9171da90c09ed98b96ace2a0406fe6f48.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:17.702ex; height:5.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {dv/dt}{v}}=-{a}{u}+b}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {du/dt}{u}}=cv-d}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mi>c</mi>
<mi>v</mi>
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<mi>d</mi>
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</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {du/dt}{u}}=cv-d}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c8cd833c7022aaaaa068771142ffd26d11e0b52e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:15.889ex; height:5.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {du/dt}{u}}=cv-d}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Dabei ist
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {a}={\frac {s}{\sigma }},\quad {b}={\frac {s}{\sigma }}-(\delta +\alpha +\beta ),\quad {c}=\rho ,\quad {d}=\gamma +\alpha }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
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<mi>a</mi>
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<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
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<mo>,</mo>
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<mi>b</mi>
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<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
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<mi>c</mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {a}={\frac {s}{\sigma }},\quad {b}={\frac {s}{\sigma }}-(\delta +\alpha +\beta ),\quad {c}=\rho ,\quad {d}=\gamma +\alpha }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f482d5acfac350f49b09b37729d1fba33a895a0e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:52.236ex; height:4.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {a}={\frac {s}{\sigma }},\quad {b}={\frac {s}{\sigma }}-(\delta +\alpha +\beta ),\quad {c}=\rho ,\quad {d}=\gamma +\alpha }" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Setzt man die beiden Gleichungen gleich null, erhält man Werte für <i>u</i> und <i>v</i>, bei welchen sich <i>v</i> und <i>u</i> nicht verändern.
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle u*={\frac {b}{a}}=1-{\frac {(\delta +\alpha +\beta )\sigma }{s}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>u</mi>
<mo>∗<!-- ∗ --></mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi>b</mi>
<mi>a</mi>
</mfrac>
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<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
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<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>β<!-- β --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
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<mi>s</mi>
</mfrac>
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</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle u*={\frac {b}{a}}=1-{\frac {(\delta +\alpha +\beta )\sigma }{s}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/517cc18c0f80c22ec523958fbb7353cf90b1e580.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:28.282ex; height:5.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle u*={\frac {b}{a}}=1-{\frac {(\delta +\alpha +\beta )\sigma }{s}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle v*={\frac {d}{c}}={\frac {\gamma +\alpha }{\sigma }}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>v</mi>
<mo>∗<!-- ∗ --></mo>
<mo>=</mo>
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<mi>c</mi>
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<mo>=</mo>
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</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle v*={\frac {d}{c}}={\frac {\gamma +\alpha }{\sigma }}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/01f92b57837c25bec86baf33dcdffcb9d5f8b69b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:16.965ex; height:5.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle v*={\frac {d}{c}}={\frac {\gamma +\alpha }{\sigma }}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Abbildungen">Abbildungen</h2></div>
<ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional">
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext">Goodwin-Zyklus</div>
</li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext">Mit Zufallsstörgröße</div>
</li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext">Lohnquote (blau) und Beschäftigungsquote (rot) in den USA. Nach Goodwin-Modell würde die Lohnquote auf die Beschäftigungsquote zeitlich verzögert folgen.</div>
</li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext">Entwicklung von Lohnquote und Beschäftigungsquote in den USA 1949 bis 2015 mit theoretisch zu erwartenden Bewegungsrichtungen der Zyklen (dicke Pfeile) und tatsächlichen Teilbewegungen (dünne Pfeile).</div>
</li>
<li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px">
<div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"></span></div>
<div class="gallerytext">Entwicklung von Lohnquote und Beschäftigungsquote in der BRD 1991 bis 2015 mit theoretisch zu erwartenden Bewegungsrichtungen der Zyklen (dicke Pfeile) und tatsächlichen Teilbewegungen (dünne Pfeile).</div>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literatur">Literatur</h2></div>
<ul><li>R. M. Goodwin: <i>A Growth Cycle.</i> In: C. H. Feinstein (Hrsg.): <i>Socialism, Capitalism and Economic Growth. Essays presented to <a href="Maurice_Dobb" title="Maurice Dobb">Maurice Dobb</a>.</i> Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1967, S. 54–58.</li>
<li>Richard M. Goodwin: <i>Chaotic Economic Dynamics.</i> Clarendon Press, Oxford u. a. 1990, ISBN 0-19-828335-0.</li>
<li>Peter Flaschel: <i>The Macrodynamics of Capitalism. Elements for a Synthesis of Marx, Keynes and Schumpeter.</i> 2nd revised and enlarged edition. Springer, Berlin u. a. 2009, ISBN 978-3-540-87931-2, chapter 4.3.</li></ul></div><!--htdig_noindex--><div><div class="zim-footer">
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